Celestium is a high-performance, Ethereum-compatible Layer 1 blockchain designed to push the boundaries of scalability while preserving decentralization and security. It leverages a unique Proof of Authority + AI (PoAi) consensus mechanism and introduces several architectural advancements to achieve throughput of 10,000 transactions per second (TPS), with single-slot finality in 1 second.
Celestium aims to address the performance bottlenecks that limit existing blockchains, such as single-threaded execution and synchronous consensus-execution coupling, without compromising on the core principles of decentralization, trustlessness, and censorship resistance.
Celestium is built on a set of core principles that guide its design and development:
Decentralization First: While optimizing for scalability and performance, decentralization remains a top priority. The protocol is designed to ensure that no single entity can compromise the network's neutrality and security.
Ethereum Compatibility: Celestium is fully compatible with Ethereum Virtual Machine (EVM) bytecode and the Ethereum RPC API, enabling developers to migrate their existing Ethereum-based applications seamlessly.
Performance and Efficiency: With innovations like parallel execution, asynchronous execution, and a custom state database called CelesDb, Celestium achieves high throughput while optimizing resource efficiency.
Celestium introduces key innovations to enhance performance and usability:
Proof of Authority + AI (PoAi): A consensus mechanism that combines the stability and efficiency of Proof of Authority with AI-driven validator selection and optimization. This approach ensures fast, secure block finality while adapting to network conditions in real-time.
CelesBFT: A pipelined, two-phase Byzantine Fault Tolerant consensus algorithm inspired by HotStuff and DiemBFT, optimized for low latency and high throughput.
Asynchronous Execution: Decoupling consensus from execution allows Celestium to process consensus and transaction execution independently. This eliminates execution bottlenecks and allows transactions to utilize the full block time for processing.
Developers can build on Celestium using familiar tools from the Ethereum ecosystem, including:
Hardhat, Foundry, and Apeworx for smart contract development and testing.
MetaMask and other popular wallets for interacting with the network.
Etherscan-style block explorers for transaction tracking and analytics.
Celestium achieves single-slot finality in 1 second, meaning that transactions are considered final and irreversible after a single block. Execution results are typically available within 1 second for full nodes. Light clients can verify state changes with a delayed Merkle root mechanism (D = 10 blocks), ensuring trust-minimized access to on-chain data.
The Celestium client is developed from scratch using C++ and Rust, focusing on performance, robustness, and modularity. The network is engineered to support future upgrades and adapt to evolving demands within the blockchain industry.
Celestium provides a next-generation blockchain platform that balances decentralization, performance, and compatibility. It empowers developers and users with:
High throughput (10,000 TPS).
Low latency (1-second finality).
Ethereum compatibility.
Advanced execution model.
Whether building decentralized applications, deploying smart contracts, or processing high-frequency transactions, Celestium delivers the infrastructure to power the next wave of blockchain innovation.
Parallel Execution: Transactions are executed in parallel where possible, leveraging multi-core systems to maximize throughput without altering the linearity of block ordering.
CelesDb: A custom-built state storage solution optimized for parallel access and asynchronous I/O, designed to handle high transaction volumes efficiently.
Optimized state storage.