Finality & Block Time
Celestium is designed to achieve fast and deterministic finality with a block time of 1 second, ensuring that transactions are confirmed and finalized swiftly without the risk of reorganization.
Block Time
Celestium operates with a block time of 1 second, meaning a new block is produced every second under normal network conditions. This is made possible by the CelesBFT consensus mechanism, which optimizes leader-based block production and validator voting processes.
Key points regarding block time:
Fixed Block Time: 1 second per block.
Consistent Throughput: Supports high transaction throughput (up to 10,000 transactions per second) without compromising network stability.
Low Latency: Suitable for applications requiring fast transaction confirmations, such as decentralized finance (DeFi) and trading platforms.
Finality
Finality refers to the point at which a transaction is considered irreversible. Celestium achieves single-slot finality, meaning a block is finalized immediately after it is included in the blockchain and receives votes from a quorum of validators.
Key Characteristics of Finality in Celestium:
Finality Time
1 second (same as block time)
Irreversibility
Once a block is finalized, it is irreversible unless a supermajority of validators act maliciously.
Quorum Requirement
A block is finalized when 2/3 of validator weight votes to approve it.
This deterministic finality model is more secure and predictable compared to probabilistic finality in Proof-of-Work systems like Ethereum (pre-Merge), which may require waiting for multiple confirmations to reduce the risk of chain reorganization.
Finality vs. Execution Outcome
It is important to distinguish between:
Finality: Agreement on the order of transactions.
Execution Outcome: The result of executing those transactions.
In Celestium, finality is achieved in 1 second when the block is added to the chain. The execution of transactions may lag slightly behind finality but is typically completed within less than 1 second on full nodes. Users querying the state via light clients may experience a slight delay due to the Merkle root delay (D=10 blocks), but finality itself is not affected.
Comparison with Ethereum
Block Time
1 second
12 seconds
Finality Time
1 second (single-slot)
12.8 minutes (2 epochs)
Reorganization Risk
Near-zero after 1 second
Possible until finality (2 epochs)
Why Finality Matters
Fast and deterministic finality is crucial for:
DeFi Applications: Ensuring rapid transaction settlements.
High-Frequency Trading: Providing immediate certainty about trade execution.
Gaming & NFT Platforms: Reducing waiting times for in-game asset transfers.
Cross-Chain Bridges: Mitigating risks associated with chain reorganizations.
Finality and block time are foundational to Celestium’s performance-oriented design, enabling a blockchain infrastructure that supports real-time applications while preserving security and decentralization.
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